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Nicholas II ( (:nʲɪkɐˈlaj ftɐˈroj, nʲɪkɐˈlaj ɐlʲɪˈksandrəvʲɪtɕ rɐˈmanəf)) ( – 17 July 1918) was the last Emperor of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and titular King of Poland.〔In 1831, the Russian tsars were deposed from the Polish throne, but they soon took control of the country, ruling it as part of Russia, and abolished the separate monarchy. However, they continued to use this title. ''See November Uprising''.〕 His official short title was Tsar Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias.〔Nicholas's full title was ''We, Nicholas, by the grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod; Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Poland, Tsar of Siberia, Tsar of Tauric Chersonesos, Tsar of Georgia; Lord of Pskov, and Grand Prince of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia, and Finland, Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland and Semigalia, Samogitia, Belostok, Karelia, Tver, Yugra, Perm, Vyatka, Bogaria, and other territories; Lord and Grand Prince of Nizhny Novgorod, Chernigov; Sovereign of Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Beloozero, Udoria, Obdoria, Kondia, Vitebsk, Mstislav, and all the northern territories; and Sovereign of Iveria, Kartalinia, and the Kabardinian lands and Armenian territories; Hereditary Lord and Ruler of the Cherkass and Mountain Princes and others; Lord of Turkestan, Heir of Norway, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Dithmarschen, Oldenburg, and so forth, and so forth, and so forth.''〕 Like other Russian Emperors he is commonly known by the monarchical title Tsar (though Russia formally ended the Tsardom in 1721). He is known as ''Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer'' by the Russian Orthodox Church and has been referred to as ''Saint Nicholas the Martyr''. Nicholas II ruled from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 15 March 1917.〔2 March 1917 in the Julian Calendar then in use in Russia, which is the same day as 15 March 1917 in the Gregorian Calendar used elsewhere at that time.〕 His reign saw Imperial Russia go from being one of the foremost great powers of the world to economic and military collapse. Political enemies nicknamed him Nicholas the Bloody because of the Khodynka Tragedy, anti-Semitic pogroms, Bloody Sunday, his violent suppression of the 1905 Revolution, his execution of political opponents and his perceived responsibility for the Russo-Japanese War.〔Woods, Alan (1999) ("The First Russian Revolution" ) in ''Bolshevism: The Road to Revolution by Alan Woods'', Well Red Publications, ISBN 1900007053〕〔 Under his rule, Russia was decisively defeated in the Russo-Japanese War, which saw the annihilation of the Russian Baltic Fleet at the Battle of Tsushima. The Anglo-Russian Entente, designed to counter German attempts to gain influence in the Middle East, ended the Great Game between Russia and the United Kingdom. As head of state, Nicholas approved the Russian mobilisation of August 1914, which marked the beginning of Russia's involvement in the First World War, a war in which 3.3 million Russians were killed.〔Urlanis, Boris (2003). ''Wars and Population''. University Press of the Pacific. ISBN 1410209458〕 The Imperial Army's severe losses and the High Command's incompetent handling of the war, along with other policies directed by Nicholas during his reign, are often cited as the leading causes of the fall of the Romanov dynasty. Nicholas II abdicated following the February Revolution of 1917 during which he and his family were imprisoned first in the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoye Selo, then later in the Governor's Mansion in Tobolsk, and finally at the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg. In the spring of 1918, Nicholas was handed over to the local Ural soviet by commissar Vasili Yakovlev who was given a written receipt.〔Banks, ECS (2012) ''Road to Ekaterinburg: Nicholas and Alexandra’s Daughters 1913–1918''. SilverWood Books. ISBN 978-1-78132-035-8〕 Nicholas II, his wife, Alexandra Feodorovna, his son, Alexei Nikolaevich, his four daughters, Olga Nikolaevna, Tatiana Nikolaevna, Maria Nikolaevna and Anastasia Nikolaevna, the family's medical doctor, Evgeny Botkin, the Emperor's footman, Alexei Trupp, the Empress' maidservant, Anna Demidova, and the family's cook, Ivan Kharitonov, were executed in the same room by the Bolsheviks on the night of 16/17 July 1918. This led to the canonisation of Nicholas II, his wife the Empress Alexandra and their children as ''passion bearers,'' a title commemorating believers who face death in a Christ-like manner,〔("Orthodox Terminology", Church of the Mother of God )〕 on 15 August 2000〔New York Times (2000) (''Nicholas II And Family Canonized For Passion'' )〕 by the Russian Orthodox Church within Russia and, in 1981, as martyrs by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia, located in New York City.〔A Reader's Guide to Orthodox Icons (''The Icons that Canonized the Holy Royal Martyrs'' )〕 ==Family background== Nicholas was the eldest son of Emperor Alexander III and Empress Maria Feodorovna of Russia (formerly Princess Dagmar of Denmark). He had five younger siblings: Alexander (1869–1870), George (1871–1899), Xenia (1875–1960), Michael (1878–1918) and Olga (1882–1960). Nicholas often referred to his father nostalgically in letters after Alexander's death in 1894. He was also very close to his mother, as revealed in their published letters to each other.〔''The letters of Tsar Nicholas and Empress Marie: being confidential correspondence between Nicholas II, last of the Tsars, and his mother, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna''. Edward J. Bing (ed.). London: Nicholson and Watson, 1937.〕 His paternal grandparents were Emperor Alexander II and Empress Maria Alexandrovna of Russia (born Princess Marie of Hesse-Darmstadt). His maternal grandparents were King Christian IX and Queen Louise of Denmark. Nicholas was of primarily German, as well as Russian and Danish descent. Nicholas was related to several monarchs in Europe. His mother's siblings included Kings Frederik VIII of Denmark In his childhood, Nicholas, his parents and siblings made annual visits to the Danish royal palaces of Fredensborg and Bernstorff to visit his grandparents, the king and queen. The visits also served as family reunions, as his mother's siblings would also come from England, Germany and Greece with their respective families.〔Van Der Kiste, John (2003) ''The Romanovs: 1818–1959'', Sutton Publishing, p. 151〕 It was there, in 1883, that he had a flirtation with one of his English first cousins, Princess Victoria. In 1873, Nicholas also accompanied his parents and younger brother, two-year-old George, on a two-month, semi-official visit to England.〔Clay, Catarine (2006) ''King, Kaiser, Tsar: Three Royal Cousins Who Led the World to War'', Walker & Company, ISBN 0802716237, p. 54〕 In London, Nicholas and his family stayed at Marlborough House, as guests of his "Uncle Bertie" and "Aunt Alix," the Prince and Princess of Wales, where he was spoiled by his uncle.〔Magnus, Philip (1964) ''King Edward the Seventh '', E.P. Dutton & Co, p. 126〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nicholas II of Russia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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